Law HW week 4 TL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law HW week 4 TL - Essay Example were â€Å"reasonably necessary† to achieve the City’s intended public use and (2) that the takings were for â€Å"reasonably foreseeable needs.†Ã‚   Milo’s Crossing is an economically depressed neighborhood. The awareness of the depressed economic condition and the evidence collaborating this concern constitutes that it is â€Å"reasonably necessary† to have a redevelopment plan to help improve the economic condition. Under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, the redevelopment plans are qualified as permissible â€Å"public use† due to the benefits enjoyed from the economic growth. It is ruled that use of eminent domain for economic development will not violate public use clauses of the state and federal constitutions if the economic project creates new jobs, increases tax revenue and revitalizes a depressed urban area. The seizure of the properties promises 3,169 new jobs and $1.2 million tax revenues per year thus making the taking of the land valid and constitutional. The decision of the interpretation of â€Å"public use† has also been interpreted by the Supreme Court as â€Å"public purpose† in the case of Midkiff (467 U.S. 229) and other cases involving eminent

Iran-Iraq War Essay Example for Free

Iran-Iraq War Essay The Iran-Iraq War is considered as one of the longest and most violent battles in history. This eight-year long armed conflict was actually the result of many events. The rivalry between Iran and Iraq can be traced from the seventh century. It was a rivalry grounded on the antagonism between Persians and Arabs, just as it was based on the conflict between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims. These ethnic and religious divisions were further intensified by territorial disputes, which would continue until the 20th Century. In addition, politics played a role in initiating the war itself. The rivalry existed many years ago, but the war was aggravated by the changes in governance in both countries. The Iran-Iraq War was a violent combat between the aforementioned nations from September 1980 until August 1988. The conflict was only stopped with the intervention of the United Nations. The battle proved to be a long and tedious one, as the tension between the countries extended for years. There were also countless casualties as a result of the disastrous occurrence. When the war ended, neither nation could truly be declared the victor. Both Iran and Iraq did not succeed in gaining new territories or political advantages. It is important to note that Iraq was the nation responsible for starting the war. However, the aggression of Saddam Hussein was not the main cause of the war’s occurrence. In fact, there is no single cause to be blamed for the war. The origins of the Iran-Iraq War are deeply rooted in ethnic, religious and territorial conflicts which date back from the seventh century; it was exacerbated in the modern era due to ambitions of dominance. This term paper aims to discuss the reasons behind the Iran-Iraq War on two accounts: the dispute over the Shatt al-Arab river and the political tension caused by the Islamic Revolution and the rise of Ba’ath regime. The Iran-Iraq War occurred because of various reasons. The conflict between the two nations involved was characterized by other conflicts. The tension that had long persisted between Iran and Iraq were caused by differences in religious beliefs and political positions, as well as disagreements on the borders (Iran Chamber Society [ICS], 2009). The problem between the countries was fueled by the problems between the following opposing parties: Sunnis and Shia Muslims, Arabs and Persians, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Saddam Hussein (Ehteshami Hinnebusch, 1997). Moreover, both Iran and Iraq sought to gain supremacy in the region (Brown, 2008). The Iranian-Iraq War which started in September 1980 was a testament to the extended conflict regarding the boundaries of their territories and their share in the Shatt al-Arab river (Hunseler, 1984). The war was also a result of the struggle of both parties to become the most dominant and influential in the region. However, it is important to point out that there is a significant difference between the 1980 war and the conflicts prior to it. The early conflicts between Iran and Iraq were settled with the interference of European countries which only meddled to safeguard their respective interests. As for the 1980 war, both sides fought to preserve their own interests. No external power intervened with that war. Two main reasons why the conflict became prolonged are the mutual disputes over territory (especially the Shatt al-Arab) and the involvement of both sides in the domestic problems of the other (Hunseler, 1984). The Beginning of the Persian-Arab Conflict The origins of the conflict between Iran and Iraq started many centuries before both nations were established. It is important for one to be familiar with the history of the conflict why the 1980 war began in the first place. According to Hunseler (1984), the Iran-Iraq tension had its roots in the seventh century with the Arab-Persian conflict. It was this centuries old rift which ignited the battle over the Shatt al-Arab. Persia stood out from the others because despite being under the control of the Arabs, it retained its national identity (Hunseler, 1984). In AD 636, the Sassanids of Persia lost to the armies of Arab General Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas at the Battle of Qadisiya. Meanwhile, the Persian Empire became dissolved in AD 642 due to the Battle of Nihawand. While they held on to their state’s culture and territorial honor, the Persian population embraced Islam in the aftermath of the collapse of the Persian Empire. The Arabs and the people they conquered viewed Islam and Arabism as a union. However, despite being under the influence of Islam, the culture of Persia cannot be restrained (Hunseler, 1984). An important thing to consider in understanding the history of Persia and its political and social existence is what Hunseler (1984) called the â€Å"juxtaposition of Persia and Islam† (p. 8). The principle was said to have been derived from the notion of the state based on Zoroastrianism. According to the Zoroastrian notion of a state, it must have the following: â€Å"a secularly-legitimized kingship, the survival of the Persian language and the proud awareness of a distinct Persian history† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 8). After two centuries, the Sunni-Arab Abbasid caliphate had become interested in the Persian literature (Hunseler, 1984). In time, the Persian families which belonged to the caliphate of the Abbasids began to assume control by grabbing power repeatedly. From AD 954 until 1055, the Buyid dynasty possessed enough authority to manipulate politics in the western portion of Persia and Iraq. In addition, they also had the power to strictly limit the function of the caliphs of Abbasid to religion only. This was the reason why the legacy left by the Buyids in Iraq was considered as the conflict between Persianism and Arabism (Hunseler, 1984). In the 17th century, the Safavids in Persia declared Shi’ism as the state religion (Hunseler, 1984). The Safavids exerted influence on Persia for 15 long years; they stayed in the state from 1623 to 1638 (Hiro, 1991). The declaration was seen as Persia’s attempt to establish its boundaries and separate itself from Arab nations while keeping the matters under the influence of Islam. Shi’ism became a crucial part of Islamic history, as it was the first to present a rift in the unified world of Islam. This was because Shi’ism founded itself in a separate state. The kings of the Safavids considered themselves as mainly secular leaders; they assigned the religious functions to the theologians. In turn, the Shi’a ministers did not want to give up their posts which were assigned to them under the Safavid rule. Most especially during the time of the Qajar leaders, the clergy were given money and land. The awarding of such gifts allowed them to be financially independent from the king; it also gave them the opportunity to exert political influence. Meanwhile, no such similar progress had occurred in the Sunni Arab states (Hunseler, 1984). The Sunni-Shi’a Problem The existing Persian-Arab conflict had taken a complicated turn with the addition of yet another conflict: the Sunni-Shi’a problem (Hunseler, 1984). The problem was not exactly about tension between the differing branches of Islam. Instead, there was antagonism due to the amount of influence that a particular religion has on the development of political power in the state. The conflict continues at present day, as there are still areas wherein the Arab communities consist of both Sunni and Shi’a factions (Hunseler, 1984). Those who head the Shi’a clergy in Arab countries such as Iraq and Bahrain found difficulty in assuming certain social positions (Hunseler, 1984). In Persia, the Shi’a clergy had no problems exerting influence in society because Shi’ism was revered with national significance. In addition, Shi’a leaders faced with two issues regarding loyalty. First, they encouraged the spread of Shi’ism in states whose population were not exclusively Shi’a. Therefore, they became involved in the centuries-old conflict between the Shi’a and Sunni. Second, they were victims of the suspicions of Arab rulers who thought they were submitting to the influence of non-Arabs (Persians). They were often seen by their Arab counterparts as promoting non-Arab causes. This situation caused the Arab Shi’as to be constantly detached from their political leaders. The separation was also caused by doubt on secular leadership, as well as Shi’a millennialism (Hunseler, 1984). The Persian-Arab conflict and the attempts of both sides to become more dominant and influential than the other in the Middle East became evident in areas where the Sunni and Shi’a groups, and the Arabs and Persians, fought against each other (Hunseler, 1984). Even though the Persians and Arabs in the Arabian peninsula had the Persian-Arab Gulf to set them apart in terms of geography, the conflict eventually made itself apparent on the boundaries on land. This was the primary reason why the conflict persisted for many years; both sides incessantly tried to acquire the territories of the other and the quest for a mutual border dragged on (Hunseler, 1984). The Origin of the Conflict over the Shatt al-Arab The conflict between Iran and Iraq over the Shatt al-Arab river originated in the 17th century and began as the rift between the Ottoman Empire and Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The sultan of Turkey, Murad IV, captured Baghdad in 1638 and the initial resolution regarding the boundaries with Persia was drafted a year later. The Kurds and the Armenians occupied the north while the Arabs dominated the south. The boundary fell on areas wherein the tribes did not consider either the Persians or Turks as their masters. As a result, the border settlement was drafted with consideration to the tribes and the names of the places. The agreement also took in consideration the intention of both parties to unite the tribes of Istanbul or Esfahan. The Kurdish-Armenian boundary caused many conflicts after it was established, but order was always restored in reference to the 1639 resolution. Unfortunately, the 1639 agreement proved lacking in setting the boundaries in the Shatt al-Arab region. On one hand, Persians believed the river itself was a natural border. On the other hand, the Turks upheld the claim that the river belonged to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Turkish point of view, the Arab tribes which occupy both sides of the river are considered a single entity from Arabistan. Arabistan is part of the Ottoman Empire. Hence, the Shatt al-Arab was to be considered as under the possession of the Ottoman Empire (Hunseler, 1984). In the 19th Century, boundary problems continued. In 1823, a boundary problem surrounding the Muhammarah surfaced and Persians settled in the city (Hunseler, 1984). Both Russia and Great Britain extended their assistance on the matter. On May 15, 1843, a boundary committee was formed and gathered in Erzerum, a city in Turkey. The committee consisted of representatives from Turkey, Persia, Russia and Britain. A treaty was created on May 31, 1847, and contained three major guidelines. First, Muhammarah and its harbor, as well as Khidhr Island, were awarded to Persia. Meanwhile, Turkey was granted admission to Zuhab and Sulaymaniyah. Second, the committee was designated â€Å"in situ† to delineate the specific course of the boundary (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Lastly, the Ottoman Empire was given the entire Shatt al-Arab extending to the marker on the east, except for the territories mentioned above (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty of 1847 was rather ambiguous, and its inherent vagueness proved to be its biggest flaw (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty did not address the question of which nation had the responsibility over the eastern shore. While the Shatt al-Arab was placed under Turkish jurisdiction, the specifications of the border were not indicated. Turkey wanted to resolve the issue over the treaty’s vague statements regarding Arabistan/ Khuzistan. As a result, Russia and Great Britain included an â€Å"explanatory note† to assert that the problem raised by Turkey was not compromised by the treaty’s lack of clarity (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Turkey declined to approve the treaty until Persia acknowledged the note as part of the treaty (Hunseler, 1984). Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan acknowledged the note and signed the treaty as a delegate of the Persia. After the Persian administration discovered the inclusion of the added note, it nullified the treaty and failed to approve it. They argued that the Persian representative had no power to sign the document (Hunseler, 1984). To address the issue, the boundary committee inspected the Turkish-Persian border from 1850 until 1852 (Hunseler, 1984). Unfortunately, the commission was not able to do its job properly because of the opposing claims of Turkish and Persian commissioners. Persia maintained that they were given the entire expanse found east of the Shatt al-Arab, while Turkey opposed the claim. The committee was unable to provide a definite proposition to solve the problem. While the committee continued its efforts in the northern area of the Shatt al-Arab, the determination of the boundaries of the river’s region was postponed indefinitely (Hunseler, 1984). Persia was relentless in its efforts to claim territories and continued to bring up its border issues in the succeeding years. Persia sought Russia and Britain to mediate on the border problem (Hunseler, 1984). Persia wanted to share control of the Shatt al-Arab with Turkey; the state also wanted to discuss the rights with regards to the harbor. Unfortunately, Britain and Russia were not in agreeable terms since the mid-19th Century. Hence, both nations were not prepared to mediate in behalf of the Shatt al-Arab tension. On August 31, 1907, the Anglo-Russian convention had an agreement. This agreement divided Persia into three separate zones. In the northern part of Persia, Russia maintained a sphere of influence. In the southern area, Britain had its own sphere. Meanwhile, the middle area was considered as neutral ground. It was not until after this division was established that the Anglo-Russian concern for the Turkish-Persian border was revived (Hunseler, 1984). Russia became once again involved with Persian-Turkish affairs because it was specifically interested with the province of Azerbaijan in Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The interest was the result of strategic and economic factors in relation to Turkey. On the contrary, Britain was different from Russia because its interests were not limited to Persia alone. Britain was also focused on the Turkish territory of the Shatt al-Arab because it played a crucial part in British interests in the Gulf area. In July 1911, an Anglo-Turkish mediation in attempt to come up with a resolution that would define the territorial claims and rights in the Arab-Persian Gulf region began. On July 29, 1913, the resolution was signed by Turkey and Britain. The agreement included the decisions regarding the status of Arab sheikdoms. The resolution also included the agreements about the Shatt al-Arab and its significance to the increasing British authority in Arabistan and Iraq. The resolution proved to be beneficial for Turkey, but only because Britain acted on it for its own advantage. Meanwhile, Russia was outraged by the Anglo-Turkish agreement and initially renounced it. Britain caught Russia by surprise by awarding the Shatt al-Arab in its entirety to Turkey. Russia had its own interests to protect in Shatt al-Arab and the Gulf area, and the agreement served as a hindrance to the Russian cause. However, Britain gave Russia the guarantee that it would offer assistance in the latter’s interest in the northern section of the Turkish-Persian border. After Britain gave its guarantee, Russia acknowledged the Anglo-Turkish agreement (Hunseler, 1984). On December 21, 1911, Persian Foreign Minister and Turkish representatives from Tehran gathered in Istanbul to create a boundary commission to resolve the Turkish-Persian border problem (Hunseler, 1984). The commission began to meet in March 1912; by August, the commission had convened a total of 18 times. In the beginning, the efforts of the commission seemed futile due to Persia’s disapproval of a specific â€Å"note explicative† of April 26, 1847 (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). However, Russia exerted influence and Tehran was forced to agree on the note on August 15, 1912. The early progress of the Turkish-Persian commission was accompanied by statements already found in the Four-Power Protocol of Constantinople dated on November 17, 1913. With regards to the area of the Shatt al-Arab, the definition of the border was determined in conformity with the Second Treaty of Erzerum of 1847. According to the treaty, the Shatt al-Arab is considered as a Turkish territory excluding the limitations concerning Abadan and Muhammarah. By November 1913, two-thirds of the border assignment was completed. The task of settling the complete boundary was given to a Four-Power Delimitation Commission. This commission had to define the border based on what was 1869’s â€Å"carte identique† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). The commission started working in 1914. Unfortunately, the First World War broke out. The emergence of the war hindered Persia and Turkey from acknowledging the border (Hunseler, 1984). The Aftermath of World War I: The Iranian-Iraq Disagreement on the Shatt al-Arab The conflict and rivalry between Iran and Iraq officially started after the First World War (Hunseler, 1984). The outcome of the war significantly altered the issue over the borders concerning the Shatt al-Arab. Hunseler (1984) explained: â€Å"The British mandate of Iraq, which had come about in Mesopotamia, entered into the Turkish boundary claims against Iran, although it also impinged upon British navigational privileges on the Shatt al-Arab† (p. 14). The aftermath of the Great War also allowed Iran to experience a dramatic political transformation. In 1921, Muhammad Reza Khan came into power. Under his reign, Iran became resistant to the established agreements regarding the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). It was also in 1921 when Khaz’al, the Sheik of Muhammarah, lost. Khaz’al was a known supporter of the British cause. With his defeat, Iran was granted the opportunity to fervently defend its own interests on the Shatt al-Arab conflict. Due to the new found empowerment of Iran, Britain was suddenly placed in a position wherein it should implement its rules without putting its Iranian interests in jeopardy (Hunseler, 1984). Meanwhile, Iraq asserted its control over the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). Due to the claim, Iran declined to recognize the state of Iraq. In 1929, Iran did give diplomatic recognition to Iraq, but only because it sought to gain the attention of Britain. Iran hoped that by acknowledging Iraq as a state, Britain would be sympathetic towards the Iranian cause. Britain was still interested in Iran because of economic reasons; the former is involved with the latter through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Moreover, Britain was still interested with the Shatt al-Arab issue. This was because it could provide the British complete access to the refineries located in Abadan. On August 11, 1929, the Iranian and Iraqi governments had interchanged several notes. This exchange gave way to the establishment of a temporary arrangement to manage the relations between the two states involved. The arrangement included settlements on trade and navigation. However, the negotiations failed because Iraq and Britain refused to recognize the jurisdiction of Iran on the half of the river (Hunseler, 1984). When Britain decided to remove its authority on Iraq and break away from their alliance in 1930, it imposed the right of the British navy to pass through the Shatt al-Arab anytime, regardless if it was wartime or peacetime (Hunseler, 1984). However, Iran had no intention in being involved in a peaceful settlement. The Iranian government also declined to accept the legitimacy of the border. On March 25, 1924, Iran announced its non-acceptance of determination of the boundary as stated in the Constantinople Protocol. The Iranian government also refused to recognize similar settlements created on September 20 and December 2 in 1931. The situation worsened when Iran sent four gunboats to pass through Shatt al-Arab and proceed until Muhammarah. Due to this incident, problems regarding the pilot and the flags of the ships were added to the already intense conflict (Hunseler, 1984). The boundary issue as well as the flag and pilot inquiries which remained unanswered increased the tension surrounding the conflict (Hunseler, 1984). On November 29, 1934, the Iranian government was forced to seek assistance from the League of Nations in an effort to address the problem. Unfortunately, the League of Nations and the representatives it sent failed to bring any positive change in the current situation. The only thing which provided temporary resolution to the problem was the Middle East pact of 1935, which Iran had introduced with the help of Turkey. The pact presented an opportunity wherein all points of disagreement could be settled. On July 4, 1937, a treaty on the Iranian-Iraqi border was agreed upon in Tehran. The treaty upheld the conditions indicated in the 1913/14 Protocols of Constantinople. According to the treaty, the Iran-Iraq border would remain along the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab. There were specific considerations made for Abadan and Muhammarah. Iran was also awarded an anchorage zone in Abadan which was four miles long. In addition, the treaty rendered the river as open territory, as it allowed access to naval ships of Iran and Iraq and traders of all countries. A transit fee was imposed, but this would be utilized for purposes of maintenance as well as the development of the shipping lanes in the river. In another decision, both sides agreed to accept the protocol within two years after the agreement had been reached (Hunseler, 1984). The adoption of the covenant was not implemented (Hunseler, 1984). On December 8, 1938, the commission in charge of the Iranian-Iraqi boundary started working on the confluence of the Shatt al-Arab and the Khayeen. The efforts of the commission were stalled by opposing translations of the treaty and the definite determination of the border. The Iranian government submitted suggestions regarding the balance of power between Iran and Iraq with regards to supervising and safeguarding the Shatt al-Arab shipping lanes. Meanwhile, the Iraqi administration saw this move as a threat to the sovereignty of the Iraqis on the river (Hunseler, 1984). In the 1950s, Iran and Iraq had another opportunity to resolve their issues regarding the Shatt al-Arab border (Hunseler, 1984). In 1955, both countries, along with Britain, Pakistan and Turkey agreed upon the Baghdad Pact (Karsh, 2002). This pact was initiated by the West and was established to strengthen defense and security in the region. In October 1957, King Faisal of Iraq paid a state visit to Iran (Hunseler, 1984). In this encounter, both nations reached an agreement regarding the Shatt al-Arab problem. Iran and Iraq agreed on two points. First, there will be a commission to be based in Baghdad which is assigned to work out the details of the joint supervision of the Shatt al-Arab. Second, a Swedish adjudicator will be in charge of delineating the border; this arbitrator is to be situated in Tehran and must work with the joint commission. Once again, an agreement between Iran and Iraq was hindered by yet another occurrence. On July 14, 1958, a revolution broke out in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The change in Iraqi governance eventually disrupted the recently resumed development of Iranian-Iraqi ties (Hunseler, 1984). Also, the political change once again awakened the border conflict on the Shatt al-Arab and the land borders. Four short months after General Abd al-Karim took control, the revolutionary administration of Iraq declared that they would extend their claim on the river to 12 miles. On November 28, 1959, Iranian Shah Reza Pahlevi revived their request to have the border line of the river drawn along the middle. He justified his demand on grounds of Iraq’s clear violation of the 1937 treaty. He also argued that because they were already in the 20th Century, a river which served as a boundary such as Shatt al’Arab cannot be attached to the absolute sovereignty of either nation. General Qasim addressed the demand of the shah with another demand. Iraq sought to regain the anchorage zone awarded to Iran in the 1937 treaty. Despite their counter demand, Qasim still wanted to resolve the dispute through peaceful means. Iraq was willing to withdraw their claim of the anchorage zone if Iran would acknowledge the Iraq’s demands on the river and the treaty of 1937. The peaceful settlement was not reached. On December 10, 1959, Abbas Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Aram declined Iraq’s offer. Nine days later, General Qasim reasserted Iraq’s legal right to the anchorage zone without insisting on its return. He also appealed for Iran to value the early treaties. General Qasim suggested that they could address the problem with the help of the United Nations. However, Iran provoked Iraq again when the local newspaper Ettelaat stated that â€Å"the existence of Iraq was in any event a historical misunderstanding and the whole of Iraq a Persian province† (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). An armed struggle between Iran and Iraq was quelled before the further tension could develop. On March 5, 1959, Iran became involved with the United States in a defense settlement (Hunseler, 1984). Soon after, Iran felt coerced by Russia. Iran had reasons to be concerned. It was threatened by Soviet influence and the possible circulation of further revolutionary ideals. Meanwhile, Iraq was also concerned with the threat of the United Arab Republic, a state established in 1958 as a result of the merger between Syria and Egypt. Abd al-Karim Qasim was frightened that Syria might provide assistance to Iraqi Nasserites if and when a war with Iran occurs. Hence, there was no real war between both parties at that time. The tension manifested itself through a media war between Iran and Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). In 1967, Britain declared its wishes to pull out from the Gulf area. Prime Minister Harold Wilson expressed the desire of the British administration to remove its military troops located ‘east of Suez’ (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). With this announcement, Iran wanted to replace British forces with their own troops on the moment of the latter’s departure (Hunseler, 1984). The 1967 blockage of the Suez Canal was a welcome development, as it prevented Soviet activity in the Gulf region. In terms of security concerns, Iran wanted to unify and lead the Arab countries in the region. The supposed partnership had the goal of preventing the spread of Soviet control and power of revolutionary nations and factions, such as South Yemen and Iraq. The Arab countries in the Gulf were cautious in dealing with Iran. While they were hesitant to collaborate with Iran which was associated with Israel, they did not want to create a rift among the states (Hunseler, 1984). Iran continued to strongly pursue its ambition of becoming an unshakeable force in the Gulf region (Hunseler, 1984). In 1969, it condemned the 1937 treaty. The shah knew that if Iran wanted to govern and manipulate the shipping lanes in the Gulf, it must have exclusive control of the river. This move would also liberate the Iranian ports on Abadan and Khorramshahr from Iraqi jurisdiction. On one instance, an Iranian vessel sailed despite the absence of an Iraqi pilot. It departed from the Khorramshahr port with the assistance of Iranian patrol vessels and successfully arrived at the Persian-Arab Gulf. Iraq was aware of the violation, but it did not wage a war against Iran due to the weakness of the military (Hunseler, 1984). After 1972, the shah became more determined to cripple Iraq. After the completion of the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, the Shah approached American President Richard Nixon to ask for assistance in the Kurdish cause in Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). This action was done with the objective of weakening the Iraqi army through an attack on its internal disputes. In August 1972, another uprising emerged in Kurdistan. The Iraqi administration and Kurdish chief Mullah Mustafa Barzani met in March 1970 and agreed on the autonomy of Kurdistan beginning in 1974. However, the agreement was threatened by the support of Iran and the United States for Barzani. Because of this, the Kurdish insurgents continued to hold on to their weapons and proceed with the civil war. Meanwhile, the Iraqi forces benefited from the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, for it allowed for a steady supply of ammunition from Russia. The weapons were instrumental in guaranteeing the military success of Iraq. Nevertheless, the malfunctioning of the army’s weapons and the failure of the Soviet Union to provide more ammunition endangered the progress Iraq had in its fight against the Kurds. In the early part of March 1975, the Iraqi government was prompted to consider Iran’s proposition that it would refrain from supporting the Kurds if the former would approve the latter’s suggestion to resolve the border issue by placing the border line along the thalweg (Hunseler, 1984). On June 13, 1975, Iran and Iraq agreed on yet another treaty in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty consisted of four crucial agreements. First, the boundaries will be definitely marked based on the Constantinople Protocol of 1913 and the 1914 proposal created by the committee regarding the establishment of the boundary. Second, the river boundaries would be situated in the middle, or the thalweg. According to Willet (2004), the thalweg was the â€Å"central deepest part of the river† (p. 7). Third, there are two things to be rebuilt: the mutual trust between both nations as well as the security of the land boundaries they shared. Also, the invasion on both sides will be stopped. Lastly, the problem will be settled upon with the acknowledgement of the aforementioned points. When Iraq signed the treaty, the country accepted the thalweg agreement for the first time. After five years, it became evident that the said recognition was merely the result of coercion from Iran’s side. The acceptance of Iraq was also caused by the failure of the Soviet Union to provide weapons. Nonetheless, the compromise made regarding the Shatt al-Arab paved the way for the Kurdish civil war to stop. Meanwhile, the relevance of the river in terms of Iranian strategy was relatively reduced. This was because Iran transferred its navy from Khorramshahr to the Bandar Abbas port in August 1978 (Hunseler, 1984). The Iran-Iraq War from a Political Perspective The dispute over the borders and boundaries of the river of Shatt al-Arab was instrumental in the emergence of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980. While the territorial conflicts played a crucial role in causing the war, the political conditions in both countries must also be considered as initiators. The transition in the governments helped influence the leaders on how to deal with the Shatt al-Arab issue. In Iran, there was a dramatic shift in leadership as the Shah was removed from power through a revolution led by a radical Muslim. In Iraq, several coups have altered governance while the rise of the Ba’ath Socialist Party to power resulted in the domination of Saddam Hussein. Both countries longed to dominate the other and emerge as the most powerful in the region (Jacoby, 2008). The Iranian-Iraqi situation under the Rule of the Shah In the 1970s, the tension between Iran and Iraq was heightened (Karsh, 2002). This was because of the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, became aggressive and tried to present Iran as the dominant force in the Persian Gulf. The Shah had been governing the Iran for decades. However, he was temporarily overthrown from power. In 1953, the head of the Iranian Parliament started a coup to remove the Shah (Willett, 2004). The coup succeeded and Pahlavi vacated the Iranian leadership for a brief time. However, the United States

Transport In The Future

Transport In The Future Imagine that you wake up the morning and drink a cup of coffee and then enter your car and leave them free rein to take you to the headquarters of your business. Or imagine that you go on family leave, and you drive your car to the path of self-driving cars on the highway, and you press a button and then manages the throne, the direction of the other passengers and start playing cards or watching a movie with l And maybe your sweetie go to the city of Detroit, but it left you have enough leave to cut the trip from Dubai to Detroit. There is a technology jet will be able to take you across half the globe in about two hours so you can spend the weekend with this person dear to Qbaksahih that the technology is still far from enabling us to enter the machine-like trailer phone and move in a jiffy to another place across the other side of our world, most scientists agree that such a dream is not achievable. But we will see in our revolution in the travel allow us access to all parts of th e globe, and beyond the globe. The first changes started to occur already in regard to the most common and essential means of travel: the car. Car technology has become advanced to the point that some with three-dimensional maps include actual pictures to help you reach your kiss desired. There are also cameras installed on the cars allow us to see what is directly behind us and made us the warning signs of drowsiness, we drive a car or if we do not see the car parallel to us on both sides of the road as we move from the path to another. Also available control technology in speed according to the self-traffic conditions or weather, and a range of other entertainment devices. There is also a technology to sail from one place to another voice-and allow us to identify on the road. This says Karl Brauer, editor of Edmunds.com mail, which tracks the rapid developments taking place in the automotive world, that today there are systems for navigation will allow you to print the name of the starting point and the access p oint desired then is take you through the images and voice commands to your kiss, but it remains to be You must drive the car. He adds that this will change eventually, What will happen is that I am I will go to my car and I will set my hand and, to the complex markets, for example, will launch the car in the pre-programmed routes. It would be impossible to cars collide because each one of them know the site the other cars accurately. I can read a book or listen to music during this short trip. One of the great advantages of this system is that all cars will be subject to control through computer, so they can start at higher speeds to reduce travel time to half-time to be the norm. This technology is available thanks to the new radar systems and global positioning systems, which are provided by the car. And that talk of such technology after, as is the case with PDAs (P. de A), computers, video games and cellular phones. Such devices that can help you even if you decide to drive yourself, and wrote that the radar can predict that an accident is about to fall, says Brower. He adds: This technology will do what it takes to Tjnepk the effects of shock was the driver to push a chair back away from the wheel, or they closed the roof top slot to reduce the chance that you or your stuff flying out of the car. High .. Away The problem lies in vehicle travel in many countries of the world in road congestion. The population is growing steadily, and people are buying more cars, roads and reached their maximum expansion. What is the only place that can be resorted to? It is the sky! Does this seem a fantasy too? Nope. Not according to Dr. Paul Mueller, the inventor of the car bodies, he believes we will see a car like this is used in emergency services by police, ambulance and fire services within five years. Then expanded to include the use of commercial services such as parcel delivery service. Mueller is expected to reach these cars revealed in the public sector within 10 years, and we may begin to move our car to the plane, as does George Jitson in cartoon strips. Says MÃ ¼ller: It will start off in front of your doorstep, then you will be redirected automatically to the line of air. And maintain your vehicle at a fixed distance from other vehicles, everyone UNOMSA the same speed because the process is all geared-wire. Will move people from one place to another while reading a book or magazine or a newspaper or playing computer games or doing what they would like to do while being transported from point A to point B . It will be the maximum load of the car is heavenly six people, while the maximum distance will be 1200 km. Because these cars will move quickly revealed more than 500 kilometers per hour, it will go the distance from the city of Boston to Washington DC in less than an hour and a half.There will be no traffic jams. Not only that, but it would be a means of travel is completely safe, as he says MÃ ¼ller: the vehicle itself will be many details on that, incredibly, they will be equipped with several engines and several umbrellas, computers and multiple devices for global positioning. This will be supported by systems in Russia and Europe. Dr. Daniel Golden is expected to head the U.S. Agency for Space Administration (NASA) that is available for this type of aircraft the runway for about 25% of the population of the United States within 10 years and 90% of the population within 25 years. He adds Bruce Calkins is an executive working for Muller, said: Technology will be available that will allow the car revealed that fly on their own, and it will travel in this way is easier than driving a car. It would be possible for many of the flying cars that reside in the atmosphere at the same time without collision thanks to the initiative the way Heavenly Express. It saw the U.S. space agency and the Federal Aviation Administration that it is necessary to make the possibility of a normal person, led by a small aircraft, such as car bodies, likely applicable. Therefore, the two institutions developed a program my computer will allow anyone under the leadership of a small aircraft. Mueller said: I do not think people realize how much we are close to the possibility of finding the area of air is run entirely by computer. Initiative is the way celestial highway, once achieved, will not allow you any discretionary powers in their drive a vehicle in the air. The last thing we want is someone there lacks the expertise or the captain drunk. There is another reason why the launch of the car revealed possible, that he would not be necessary to invest any funds for the construction of new infrastructure. Muller says: The beauty of this idea that they would not need 50 years to build a network of highways, it is all in the end the equipment and software. We should remember here that the construction of new infrastructure is a problem faced by the development of trains, Mag Lev high-speed and extremely efficient. They rush at high speed high off the tracks in several inches, while remaining connected to them by the magnet. Says Ray Bilukwiyn Vice President Al Arti K. and Associates, one of the largest engineering design firms in the world, one of the reasons that may prevent the transport systems between the public and achieved in the future is the high cost of building new tracks. Bilukwiyn says: The government should provide funding. For this to happen, we need a generation of people say: I am tired of spending four hours in travel every day. Faster than a bullet Although the idea may be the heavenly car on the ground, but it will not solve the problem only travel over the average the distance traveled by buses and trains. But what about crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the other side of our world? Has made the U.S. space agency test engines running at speeds exceeding five times the speed of sound of planes and arrived in speed to the speed of Mac -15, or 15 thousand kilometers per hour. This technology will make the farthest reaches of the globe in only two hours away. Charles Mclinton former chief technology officer for a NASA Hyper-X in the center of Langley technology that hypersonic is boom five times in the future of transportation, it will revolutionize air travel. He adds: You can day breakfast in Boston, and lunch in Los Angeles. Imagine that you eat lunch in Boston and dealing with breakfast in Tokyo. You can today to receive the parcels sent to you the day before from many places in the world. Imagine that you receive the package at the same the day it shipped. We see astronauts today as they rampaged through space. Imagine being able to go to space travel portal and travel through space with the same degree of security that travel across the land. The technology that hypersonic five times could turn this dream to reality. Mclinton say that the engines that operate combustion technology that ultrasonic motor is the only effective and that exceed the speed of the speed of a Mac 5. He adds: On this level of speed, the aircraft flying at higher levels in the atmosphere. And if the plane was flying at speeds of Mac 10, it will fly at a height of about 30 km in the atmosphere, and the trip from New York to Tokyo, less than two hours. is likely to require these high speeds out of the atmosphere and then enter it in the vicinity of the place of access. One of the advantages inherent in traveling at higher speeds and higher on the paths is the presence of a greater number of airways that aircraft could travel through it. A further advantage for the design of aircraft faster than the speed of sound is five times higher reduction of noise means that aircraft can fly over the earth, as in the case of aircraft normal. And will become the technology ultrasonic high-speed is standard for air transport in the end. However, the Mclinton says it is likely that there will be military applications in the beginning before they develop the technology to the first plane-like spacecraft capable of being used again. The next stage after that, it will extend the reach of this aircraft for global military and civilian. Clinton adds: I think that this technology will be available for service within 10 years, while operations will take further development and commercialization of a longer time, about 50 years old will be more than sufficient to achieve this. The vehicles that run on combustion mode ultrasound bridge between the science of aviation and space exploration. Has become the aircraft speed ultrasound is high the next space shuttle, or, at least, a tool launch vehicles in space. Says Mclinton: The vehicle-speed ultrasound high is the next generation in aviation science, studies show that the launch systems developed from this pattern could have done everything that you do space shuttles and the additional advantages. Goshen does not exceed 1 / 5 weight shuttles regular and cost does not more than 1 / 10 of the cost. and that the risk is much less in terms of not more than 1 / 1000 of the risks as well as the usual high flexibility. These can generate speeds of vehicles to be launched outside the atmosphere, but would be able to launch or landing in any large airport because it is more secure than the rockets. Has become the key to this is the space tourism industry. The need for fuel But the scene is not without its skeptics. Many of them point out that we will continue to be dependent on fossil fuels. Whether its cars or cars or heavenly planes and combustion ultrasound, we are still in the communities dependent on oil. Says Tom Mast, author of more than a barrel: A concise guide to the oil shortage Over a Barrel; A Simple Guide to the Oil Shortage Our use of oil will be restricted during the 60 years since there will be cars and other media for transport fuel derived from oil for decades But we need to develop other fuels for vehicles that use ground fuels derived from oil at the earliest possible opportunity. We have not done enough efforts in this regard; problem is we do not do what is necessary. We still do not approach the issue with the seriousness required. The reason for our need for alternative forms of energy to ground transport such as cars and trains is the lack of models of vehicles until the aircraft that use alternative energy. There are no many options in this regard in the present. May become an effective source of hydrogen and capable of growth. However, currently requiring greater amounts of energy to convert it into fuel than those provided by us. Mast believes that the wave of the future will not be traveling in cars or planes divine the ultrasonic high speed, flying from New York to Sydney in two hours, but movement in the electric cars. Says Mast: hybrid cars working with electricity will have batteries larger enable the car from a distance of 100 km. Then youll be able re-shipped from your home. Studies have shown that most people do not drive their cars for more than 100 km per day. This means that it would bethe average person can use fuels not derived from oil in several days. But these hybrid cars will be equipped with operating electric tank of gasoline so that one can switch to if the need to travel for more than 100 kilometers. These vehicles like hybrid cars available in the market now. It will be more expensive but will not use gasoline at all. But if we start to use electric-powered cars, we will need to generate more electricity. This means: more fuel to generate more electricity. Well need to support network for electric cars because they can not go the same distance traveled by the vehicle fuel derived from oil. Mast believes that true innovation in the future will be in this area, vehicle of the future will be more efficient in terms of energy consumption. It will not fly in the air but will go longer distances, using less energy. And adds Mast said: the greatest inventions of the future will be in the area of energy storage. But how do we store energy in a car? At the wheel include the operating system enhances the kinetic energy? Or by using hydrogen? Or using batteries? Solution may be in other ways not thought of yet . Whether it is a car electric car or a plane or space jets or ultrasonic high speed, the forms of travel are going to change dramatically in coming decades. And will become the means of transport more efficient, faster and more far-reaching, and will become the world a smaller place than it is today. egad you satellite you and your family safely to the beach at 200 kilometers per hour. Helped the successful experience of the U.S. space agency to launch an experimental aircraft traveling at 5 thousand miles per hour, increasing hopes of a revolution in transportation in the future. There is no doubt that transportation plays a vital role in our lives may affect many of the decisions such as selection of site of the house where we lived and the places where we spend holidays. Scientists say NASA The plane pilot called X-err -43 make the world seem much smaller. The success of the experiment to some predicted that one day take a flight from Britain to Australia just two hours. But, apart from considerations of cost, the government is always concerned about the environmental impacts of such innovations, but it may hamper the use of technology that could harm the Earths environment. And does the future hold any revolutions on the means of transportation? What are the ideas? Is it possible for her to see the light of day? Flying cars The development of light aircraft technology will make it possible to acquire each individual car is a plane containing the cabin closed and heating system and a place for two people. Possible to separate the wings and complete the journey on the ground Can this car take off from a field or a highway and when you access can be separated wings are installed and complete the journey on the ground. Advanced engines and reduce costs as would maintain the environment. Does that happen? It is not unlikely. Pegasus face competition for the manufacture of light aircraft are already built cabins are closed, and some of the aircraft can travel at speeds exceeding 130 miles per hour for four hours. Says Bill Brooks, president of Pegasus that the cost of a combination of a light aircraft and a small car is about 30 thousand pounds sterling. But jumps to mind the possibility of accidents in the air. Usually prevent the Meteorological Agency of British light aircraft flying, and have allowed only during daylight hours and there must be a path to take off and landing as well as to learn to fly is not easy. There is also a question about the development of driving machines that can make the cargo safely. Rocket jet Use the James Bond rocket jet carrying on the back to escape from Castle France in one of his films. Luther, as the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984. Rocket jet costly And you will be able to use rockets jet, the size of Asitwanti Diving bear on the back, short trips, perhaps to go shopping .Can also be used to clean the windows in the floors high and access to non-traditional concerts. Does that happen? Although there are models which, it is still hard to produce cheap copies of expensive and unreliable in practical uses. Taxis without drivers These can be controlled by the electronic transfer of passengers to cross paths fixed. Cardiff have tested the use of taxis that operate online Otser these cars and a speed of 25 miles per hour and walking path will be secured by fencing on both sides of the road to prevent accidents. There will be no waiting times for taxis, which will leave the stations and are used to pay the flight by using a prepaid card. And decreased consumption of those vehicles, which will be on the way to meter-wide and a half, for energy by 75% compared to the car and 50% compared to the bus. Does that happen? There is a good chance to appear in the future. Were tested in Cardiff, where he hopes to processors in the production of 160 of these vehicles to operate by 2006. Said Martin Lawson, CEO of Ultra that there was interest from other regions. Such as some airports. But the difficulty lies in convincing investors and political support of the project, in addition to the possibility of sabotage of vehicles. Environment-friendly cars Cars of the future will be less harmful to the environment significantly and will be equipped with devices to reduce future incidents. And can operate vehicles using reactor fuel waste. The cars will look more rotated by safety laws. And will be equipped with sensors to track pedestrians and other cars and airbags inside and outside. He may be the way to identify them by satellite, it might be possible to control traffic flow through the talk between the cars to regulate the traffic flow, which means the end of traffic jams. Does that happen? Society says that manufacturers and sellers of cars has already been developing fuel-cell vehicles. And expects the Assembly to see the models, including twenty years working on hydrogen will come out with only water. But it will be many years before the spread of new cars, and it will take a long time to bear the improvements that were introduced from both sides of safety and environmental effects. The technology used is still experimental. There are doubts about the conviction of car manufacturers and their ability to produce them. Maglev train outstanding Cut off the trains that use electromagnetic technology, the distance between cities at speeds of 260 miles per hour, twice the speed used by travelers in Britain. Maglev train is already in use in China Will run the train on the tracks above a certain electromagnetic cushion reduces grinding bars. Does that happen? Operates the first train of this kind already exist between the city of Shanghai and Pudding Airport in China. Was reached to this technology in Britain and held the line between Birmingham International Airport and railway station nearby. But was sacked in 1995 because it was not practical. But the costs of running this type of trains forced Chinese authorities to cancel the establishment of a similar line between the capital Beijing and Shanghai. There is very fast trains operating in Europe, Japan and the speed of the speed of approaching trains, but on the electromagnetic bars. Transition to the new era in more like universe to move into an era of imagination. Cars and aircraft flights into space and fuel electric, all that makes the future of travel and like an extension of the movie from the science fiction movies, but this future is much closer than we think or expect. Imagine that you wake up the morning and drink a cup of coffee and then enter your car and leave them free rein to take you to the headquarters of your business. There is a technology jet will be able to take you across half the globe in about two hours so you can spend the weekend with this person dear to your heart. Ive been around the computer and the Internet in advance to the world a smaller place by allowing us to engage with others in the information anywhere, anytime. It is true that technology is still far from enabling us to enter the machine similar to a trailer and move the phone in a jiffy to another place across the other side of our world, most scientists agree that such a dream is not achievable. But we will see in our revolution in the travel allow us access to all parts of the globe, and beyond the globe. The first changes started to occur already in place for the most common and essential means of travel: the car. Technology has cars are advanced to the point that some with maps of three-dimensional including images of real help you reach your kiss desired, there are also cameras installed on the cars allow us to see what b ehind us directly and warning signs that made us sleepy and we drive a car or if we do not see the car parallel to us on both sides of the road as we move from the path to another. One of the great advantages of this system is that all cars will be subject to control through computer, so they can start at higher speeds to reduce travel time to half the time required norm. This technology is available thanks to the new radar systems and global positioning systems, which are provided by the car. And that talk of such technology yet, as is the case with PDAs (P. de A.) computers, cellular phones, and can this device help you even if you decide to drive yourself, and wrote the radar can predict that an accident is about to fall . The beauty of the idea that they would not need 50 years to build a network of highways, it is all in the end the equipment and software. We should remember here that the construction of new infrastructure is the problem faced by developing trains Mag Lev high speed and the amount of efficiency. They rush at high speed high off the tracks in several inches, while remaining connected to them by the magnet. This idea is planned for one of the largest engineering design in the world, one of the reasons that may prevent the systems of mass transportation and achieved in the future is the high cost of building new tracks, and for that to happen, we need a generation of people say: I am tired of spending four hours in movement per day. Transport is the most important pillars of economic structure which is the essential foundation for the development of economic activity when any of our network I slavery and modem means of transport must find the economy of this state in very advance This was the development and transportation along with the evolution of man on this earth and increasing requirements of various commodities and complexity of economic systems. The idea of Transport stated that the man was carrying things on his back or withdrawn on the ground, has been found that the withdrawal of anything on earth will be easier in the case of the ground smooth, or if placed on the crawler and pull crawler itself, and then developed this idea to develop the veins wooden cylindrical bottom crawler for easy rolling and this idea is the main reason for the invention of the wheel. The pharaohs built the pyramids to withdraw blocks on the ground and put it in place with the work of special passages with a tendency to gain access to the alleged required. And then use the rights of animals in transport. Given the nature of the geographical conditions was credited with the invention of the ancient Egyptians sailing Almjaddavip and use of transport in the River Nile for more than five thousand age

Mccartney Songwriter :: essays research papers

When someone mentions the Beatles, most people who know of the band would think of Lennon, McCartney, Ringo and Harrison playing great music on stage. The Beatles still are the best pop rock group ever and it has been said that no other pop rock band will come close to their level of success. Their music was fresh, new and of course it sounded fantastic. But there have been rumors and stories about what the Beatles were singing about, and also about the band members such as whether Paul McCartney was dead or alive along with many other well-known controversial rumors.Elson manages to bypass all this hearsay and write and intimate diary of Paul McCartney's life and also a short history of his father and mother. It is in two parts, the first explores Paul's childhood and his experiences of growing up, meeting other members of the Beatles and how their careers developed.The book also goes on to clear up rumors about their music and what stimulated the Beatles to write songs. The second part explores Paul's solo career and life as a family man with Linda.The book starts off when Paul is a young child and explores Paul's influences such as his father who had a deep passion for music and shared this passion with his two boys. Epstien explains how Paul loved the guitar and how this enabled him to write songs to communicate his feelings inside him, an example is when he wrote "Let it be" which was about his mothers death. "When I find myself in times of trouble, mother Mary comes to me, speaking words of wisdom, Let it be"The book continues to travel through the various stages Paul went through as a child, his passion for music, his talents at school and his aspirations for become a teacher. It describes his first meeting with John Lennon and how the two boys shared their musical talents and songwriting ideas that developed songs that later on in life would be hits all over the world.Originally John and Paul didn't have compatible styles o f music. However, after time spent together they shared their music and songwriting ideas and most of the Beatles music was composed even before the band was formed.The other two members of the band Ringo Star and George Harrison and their entrance into McCartney's life is written about as well as their influences on the music a very brief history of their family life.

Kafka on the Shore Analysis Essay

How does Murakami explores the concept of identity in the novel â€Å"Kafka on the shore†? It is challenging to convey what defines someone’s identity, who we are, what we do, but most importantly what we think. It’s inside our heads, in our unconsciousness when we actually allow ourselves to ponder on our true identity. When it comes to literature, authors explore their characters ´ true selves differently depending on the intention they have. In the novel â€Å"Kafka on the shore† Murakami uses several unusual resources in his novel such as themes and intertextuality in order to explore the concept of identity within his writing. The author through the presentation of the relationship between dreams and reality and the concept of destiny linked to the notion of lack of control reveals the true self by inquiring into the inner darkness of the nature of his characters. He explores the unconscious side of an individual, which in his writing has a signific ant impact on the building of their fate implicitly blurring the boundary of importance between thought and action. Also acknowledging dreams as the only moment when our human condition allows people to be completely honest with ourselves. The following commentary in order to explore the concept of identity in Murakami’s work will focus on the passage of Miss Saeki’s and Kafka’s intercourse, chapter 29. The conception of dreams vs. reality in the novel plays a major role due to the fact that what the author wants is to make dreams as important as reality or even more so, given that it is when his characters are their true selves. Therefore this relationship is experienced by his audience very deeply, at first introducing the subject in a way anyone could relate to it but as the novel advances, the theme is developed to a level far beyond everyday life, nevertheless it is possible to get to an understanding of it. The geographical context of Japan in the novel aids this insertion of magical realism to the writing of Murakami. Concerning the cultural and religious aspects, Japanese society has a big flexibility on them, they have a blending of several religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, boundaries are broken and people are free to live their own interpretation of their spirituality. Moreover, religion defines Japanese identity more than spirituality; it’s a way of living and thinking. Such freedom and individuality of thought is what enables the events in the novel to be conceivable, what allows the author to distort dreams and reality, and what’s real against what’s possible. Furthermore the inception of that liberal Japanese way of thinking empowers the reader to make a free interpretation of what’s going on in the novel, acknowledging that being involved in the postmodernist movement there is never an absolute truth to it. Murakami plays with the readers’ mind as they are certainly expecting to find absolute answers and end up being more confused trying to seek for them. In the specific extract of Miss Saeki’s and Kafka’s intercourse she is fulfilling her unconscious desire of sleeping with him. In fact the scene itself is presented in a way in which as readers we are not sure whether it is actually happening o r not. The author uses a mesmeric tone and changes the narrative voice to third person to create a dream like atmosphere â€Å"Before you know it, her dream has wrapped itself around your mind. Gently, warmly, like amniotic fluid.† In this quote the use of the third person is evidenced and the expression â€Å"wrapped around your mind† is what produces the mesmerizing tone as Kafka is clearly absorbed by this dream that has become a part of reality. It’s a very graphic scene in which the main character experiences the blurring of genuineness against his dreams â€Å"But you can’t locate the borderline separating dream and reality. Or even the boundary between what’s real and what’s possible. All you’re sure of is that you’re in a delicate position†. In this scene Kafka is unable to control himself even when he knows that what he is doing is not right. Moreover, the fact that Miss Saeki accomplished her subconscious wish during h er sleep is reassured when she decides to embrace her desire and repeat the intercourse with Kafka in one of the following chapters. Another significant way, in which this theme is related to the character of Miss Saeki and her identity revealing through her unconsciousness, is the spiritual projection of her fifteen year old self that Kafka sees at night. It is possible to interpret that she projects herself this way during her sleep due to the fact that she is stuck in her distant, happier past. Revealing that what she truly wishes is to be back when she was 15 and reunite with her lover, which could be why she presents herself to Kafka, given that the resemblance between both could be interpreted as if he weren’t only her son, but the reincarnation of her lover. Then again what allows the reader to make these assumptions is the religious context of japan given that reincarnation is a part of some peoples ´ believes. For this particular element of the spiritual projection Murakami uses intertextuality to relate the events in the novel and clarify his perception on the subject. He deliberately makes a re ference to the tale of Genjy. In this tale Lady Rojuko fulfils her dark unconscious desires through her dreams by â€Å"becoming a spirit† without taking notice of it, just like Miss Saeki does. The important link between both events is that both characters could only carry out their desires during their sleep while they are their true selves. Miss Saeki is only able to seek the intercourse with Kafka while she is theoretically sleeping. Another parallel with the tale is when Nakata takes the place of Kafka and stabs his own father, eventually carrying unconsciously the course he was meant to. Perhaps this suggests that there is inner darkness in everyone and that dreams are the perfect moment to explore the darkness within our true selves â€Å"the world of grotesque is the darkness within us† Regarding the conception of destiny and the theme of lack of control in the novel, these are factors that as well enable the exploration of identity in Murakami’s characters. Fate is perhaps one of the most significant elements of the novel developing throughout all of it. It is essentially presented as inevitable, the author foreshadows from the beginning what’s going to happen with his main character. The reason why destiny is a factor beyond the individual’s ´ control is because the author wants to state it isn’t only an uncontrollable force driving them. It’s an actual part of who they are, an inner force, part of their human condition â€Å"Sometimes fate is like a small sandstorm†¦this storm is you. Something inside of you. So all you can do is give into it†. Therefore indeed destiny is identity, Kafka is omened that he will eventually kill his father and sleep with his mother, but this doesn’t happen due to fatality or chance, it happens because it is unconsciously what he wants and therefore what he is. This is proven when further on in the novel he accepts his curse; he embraces it, his love for his own mother and the death of his father. Nevertheless he doesn’t carry out his curse completely aware that he is doing it, but in thought he actually wishes to do so, which is why it happens. This suggests that thought is indeed as important as actions, or even more so, as they are our pure intentions. Therefore this could be interpreted as a factor affecting the characters’ karma as Shinto religion suggests and thus having an impact on their destiny. On the other hand, control is presented as something the characters lack, and when it’s linked to destiny therefore to identity what Murakami expresses is that they are not able to control who they are, what they want. This is shown in several ways for example something as simple as sex, Kafka finds himself unable to control his desire of sleeping with unconscious Miss Saeki although he is well aware that he is acting wrong. â€Å"I figure I’d better wake her up. She’s making a big mistake, and I have to let her know. This isn’t a dream–it’s real life. But everything’s happening so fast, and I don’t have the strength to resist† In this way the reader can relate to the experience of the main character of not being able to resist what he deeply wants. To sum up, Kafka on the shore is a novel that is indeed charged with deep and complicated themes, metaphorically exploring several elements about human life and identity. Nevertheless Murakami manages to introduce such complexity in a way that the reader is able to understand and interpret his writing using resources such as intertextuality to clarify his take on the subject, or at least the reader is able to suggest he does. With the use of destiny, control and dreams vs. reality the author makes an interesting approach towards the exploration of identity stating that our thoughts are as much part of who we are as our actions, and even a more important part of our selves. Additionally he gives a vast importance to dreams, as they are the reflection of our minds, our true fears and desires. Perhaps he is stating that life should be much more like a dream, and in a way criticizing the conception of reality.

Research Paper on Negotiation

1st Log on negotiation Presented To : Dr. Hassan wageih Presented By : Mahmoud Ahmed EL-Etriby Program : MIBA 38 A Date : 3 December 2011 Mr. Essam Sharaf in Qena ,The full crime of Soft Negotiator Locals in Qena continue protesting against their governor In respect for Easter, protesters demonstrated against the new governor in silence. Negotiations early today to open the railway failed. Ahram Online, Sunday 24 Apr 2011Sharaf fails to calm crowds in Qena Egypt's prime minister visits Qena where protesters had brought the city to a standstill following the appointment last month of a Coptic governor but his words do little to ease sectarian sentiments Ahram Online, Tuesday 3 May 2011 Egypt’s Prime Minister Essam Sharaf on Tuesday visited Qena where demonstrations erupted on 15 April following the appointment of Emad Shehata Mikhail as governor.Protesters objected to a Christian being governor for the second time in succession. Sharaf addressed an audience saying that although he had prepared a written speech he would rather speak to them â€Å"from his heart† and added that his government will pay attention to the development of Upper Egypt and appraised religious unity in Qena. While Sharaf had meant to discuss the crisis in Qena over a Christian governor, he instead stated â€Å"all of your demands will be met. The crowds, in turn, chanted its demand of a Muslim governor to which Sharaf only repeated that demands will be met. Life has returned to normal in Qena after Sharaf announced last week that he will freeze the activity of Mikhail for three months. The protesters had been further angered by Mikhail's past as a police officer. During the peak of the protests, both the Eastern and Western highways leading into the governorate were blocked as well as train tracks, stopping trains coming from Luxor and Aswan as well as Cairo.As we can see in the above headlines from Ahram Online the famous problem of Qena and the protesting of the people aga inst the governor, the saddest part of the story is the complete failure of Mr. Essam Sharaf as a prime minister and a negotiator in handling and solving the problem. Mr. Essam in this negotiation operation was actually a full and complete example of what we called Soft Negotiator, a negotiator that is very weak in response and too much delayed because he gets panic to the threat of the protesters . Imagine that the problem initiated in the 15 th of April and he only went to the spot of the drama 3 weeks later.After he went there he continues all the sins of soft negotiator again by being so fragile and reasonable instead of being resilient and cognitive , telling them† I am speaking to you from my heart † was completely a weak and non suitable phrase to the revolution inside the protesters as he gives them too much trust actually not in its place which made him appears very weak in front of them and give them the upper hand to move the negotiation in one way direction t owards their request only without discussing the fact that they have violate the law by blocking the highway to Upper Egypt and the cutting the railways as well which would give him a chance on a win-win situation in this adversative situation.Moreover he completes the sins of the soft negotiator by being so concessionary telling the crowd in public that â€Å"all your demands will be met† so what's the role of the negotiation skills that you must have Mr. Essam in such problems if any time you face a problem or a protest you will simply choose Satisficing and settle for something much more less than you could otherwise has, which reflects clearly a self-Reinforcing Incompetence that hinders you from leveraging your power and strengths. Finally being so soft and weak in negotiations creates a cycle in which the lack of the principled negotiator skills will deprive you not only the ability to produce correct response but also the expertise necessary to know that you have produ ced a wrong one.Being fair only is not what we need in our prime minister , its being Fair and Firm is what we need and what make him actually a successful prime minister. It's the Principled negotiator skills that we wanted from you at that time and every time in this era which Egypt is facing , Principled negotiators are the men of the new era , those who are not hard as nails or soft as pudding, those who have chess player mentality , who are Fair and Firm, who have strong personality and role profiles , who are always improving their power and strengths and face threats firmly with hidden strong threats that suits the adversative era and with an integrative and cognitive way that ensure the fairness rule to everyone. *******************************************************

Decubitis Ulcers1 essays

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European Challenges to the Muslim World essays

European Challenges to the Muslim World essays European Challenges to the Muslim World Religion has always played an important role in European society; Islam has usually been the major religion. It was no different in the 1700s and 1800s. During this time, reforms were formed to revolt against the government. These reforms most often stressed religious piety and obedience to strict rules of behavior. During these reforms, the government used their education against the people, by making treaties that gave them favorable rights to trade. Other than religion, nationalism has always been an importance and usually a negative. Nationalism has caused much uproar and there was no exception in the Ottoman Empire. During the same time as the religious conflict in Europe, the Ottoman Empire was struck with these uproars. Although the empire was able to suppress these revolts, Britain, France, and Russia soon saw a chance to gain more power and land, by attacking the old, weakened empire. France obtained Algeria in the 1830s and now wanted more land. Britain obtained Egypt during the revolts and soon placed Egypt under a protectorate. With Egypt being a protectorate, it helped modernize Egypt. With the help of Muhammad Ali, often called the father of modern Egypt, Egypt soon had improved taxes, a reorganized landholding, and he increased the farm output. Now that the farms were outputting, Ferdinand de Lesseps made it much easier to trade by building the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal was a very tiring and strenuous job, that took quite a long time. It was a Canal that shortened the journey from Europe to South and East Asia. This greatly improved trading and brought in more money at the same time. This shows how much the world powers have changed since they were created a long time ago. Few have had the opportunity to be extremely powerful, while many others have felt defeat. The Ottoman Empire has felt both; they were powerf...

Contract Law. Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Law. Questions and Answers - Essay Example In such case the contract is void whether it is the non-existent subject matter of the agreement ( Res Extincta) or it is regarding the contract of purchase of own property(Res Sua) . The case of unilateral mistake is where only one party is mistaken. This can be by mistake as to the terms of the contract and also by the mistake as to the identity in which the first party thinks of the third party as the second party. Where the parties are inter prae sentes (face to face) there is a presumption that the mistaken party intends to deal with the other person who is physically present and identifiable by sight and sound, irrespective of the identity which one or other may assume. In the case of mutual mistakes where the parties misunderstand each other's intentions and are at cross purposes and if the transaction is totally ambiguous so that it can be assumed that there will be no consensus ad idem (agreement as to the same thing) and the contract will be void: Moreover mistake related to documents also leads the contract voidable. If writing contracts were costless, the parties would specify which of their beliefs were crucial to the agreement and condition performance of those beliefs, just as they would avoid all ambiguity in defining performance by including all details that might be relevant (1) Since reSince reading and writing contracts is costly, courts sometimes fill gaps in incomplete contracts by supplying the omitted terms, asking what the parties would have specified ex ante had the contract writing been costless. When beliefs are mistaken, the court might follow a similar rule, not by adding omitted terms (since the contract is unambiguous), but by modifying the contract to express the true intentions of the parties. or, the court could reform the contractual obligations by voiding the contract, leaving the reconstructing to the parties involved. Reforming or voiding contracts, however, goes beyond the gap-filling function in which courts customarily engage; it is an almost paternalistic change in the contract's express terms.In the same manner, the Court always tries to make distinction between incorrect belief and mistake to empty the concept of the mistake from its original meaning. In the opinion of the Court mutual mistake will be used to announce a decision not to enforce the promis

Laboratory report on sluice gate and hydraulic jump Coursework

Laboratory report on sluice gate and hydraulic jump - Coursework Example Generally, sluice gats are made up of a gate, a power mechanism and a frame and they are designed to withstand various water loads at different operating heights. There are two types of sluice gates. These are the wall-mounted sluice gates and the vertical rising sluice gates. For the vertical rising sluice gates, they are designed such that water flow is prevented as long as the water height does not exceed the gate height. In this types of sluice gates, the bottom and the side walls are sealed. For the wall-mounted sluice gates, also referred to as bottom sluice gates, passage of water is prevented to flow up to heights that exceed the gate. In this type, all the four sides of the sluice gates are sealed (Hager, 1992). As water flows in an open channel, it is only acted upon by atmospheric pressure implying that the gauge pressure is zero. In open channel flow, two flow depths exists, these are the subcritical flow and the supercritical flow (Khatsuria, 2004). The use of sluice in open channel alters the flow characteristics resulting in the flow changing from subcritical to supercritical. The flow rate under a sluice gate is illustrated by equation (1) below where by it is assumed that the flow is ideal (which is never the case in real situation). From the figure 1 above, it can be seen that flow under the sluice gate results into generation of a hydraulic jump just before the flow resumes back to subcritical flow from supercritical flow (Subramanya, 2009). As earlier connoted, a sluice gate changes flow from subcritical to supercritical flow. Under normal cases, the flow in an open channel is usually subcritical, therefore as the flow reverts back to sub-critical flow after passing through a sluice gate, there is sudden energy dissipation that results from the change of flow from supercritical to subcritical (Hager, 1992). This is the hydraulic jump. Where V is the velocity, is the

Al Queda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Al Queda - Research Paper Example in Laden, in May 2011 may complicate the future of the organization, it remains as one of the most dreaded terrorist group in the world with potential capacity of planning, coordinating, and executing terrorist activities in the world (Bergen, 2011). This paper will discuss the al-Qaeda terrorist group, its brief history, where it is located, what kind of activities they do, how they fund their activities, and what kind of attacks they do. The history of al-Qaeda can be traced to the uprising against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. During this uprising, there were thousands of volunteers from across the Middle East who came as mujahidin to Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda grew to be a more formidable organization in mid- 1980s; Osama bin Laden was the prime financier of the organization and he oversaw recruiting of Muslim from mosques across the world (Chaliand and Blin, 2007). The organization was able to bring together a mujahidin that numbered in thousands and was important in defeating Soviet forces against occupying Afghanistan. After successfully defeating the Soviets and prompting their withdrawal from Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia, his native land. However, he was expelled from Saudi Arabia in 1991 because of his anti-government activities. This expulsion was instrumental to the rise of al-Qaeda. Osama bin Laden established al-Qaeda’s headquarters in Khartoum, Sudan (Bale, 2006). The group orchestrated terrorist attacks against American interests and servicemen in Somalia. Bin Laden issued a declaration of war against the United States in August 1996. The organization forged alliances with other radical groups with the view of bolstering its capacity to fight America’s interests and the Jews. Since then, al-Qaeda operates as a network that is comprised of radical Sunni Muslim movement, stateless and multinational army. It calls for a strict sharia law interpretation and global Jihad (Atwan, 2006). It is important to note that while

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global Literature review

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global economic downturn - Literature review Example The risk was so big because the collapse of the housing bubble in the USA affected not only the valuations of homes, but also several other agencies, industries, and personnel that included but were not limited to the mortgage markets, real estate, foreign banks, home builders, and home supply retail outlets. The Case-Shiller home price index noted the largest ever drop in the prices of houses by the end of the year 2008. It was because of the anticipated risks imposed by the bursting housing bubble that President George W. Bush announced the housing market’s bailout for those homeowners who could not compensate for their mortgage debts. Economic recession and massive foreclosures of housing caused by the global financial crisis was a potential threat to the investors. When a financial crisis hits a country’s economy, it affects the value of property investment just like it affects all other industries, though there is variation between the value delivered by property i nvestment and other business options in such times. The real estate business has conventionally remained the best investment of all time, including the time of financial crisis. Knowledge of the potential drivers of the business of property investment provides the investors with a way to transform the risks into opportunities. Population Growth during Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Property Investment One of the most fundamental drivers of property prices is population change. People want to dwell in popular areas. Prices of popular areas are higher than the rest because there are more interest parties than the number of dwellings available. Prices of an area go down when the dwellings outnumber the interested parties. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) that conducts a census every five years to publish the trends of population growth, trends of population growth do not show abrupt changes. While the indigenous population does not show rapid changes in growth , there are other factors that contribute to the growth of population, the most important among them being the immigration rate of a country. â€Å"Things that do change population growth rapidly - and provide investors with opportunity - are changes in immigration quotas, changes in infrastructure making areas more or less attractive and accessible to live in, and changes to employment such as the booming resources industry† (Moore, 2012). During the financial crisis, there has been a decline in the rate of immigration despite the increased tendency among the governments to increase the immigration rate since every immigrant that is allowed hostage contributes to the growth of the host country’s economy. Although immigration rate is generally perceived to have negative effects on the employability of the indigenous population of a country, yet several studies have found that the long term effects of immigration are opposite of what they are generally perceived to be; immigrants increase the productivity as well as the average income (Peri, 2010b, p. 7). Immigration rate is considerably linked with the employment rate. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show how the rate of immigration is affected by the rate of employment in a country. Fig. 1: Variation in Immigration rate from 1995 to 2010 (Peri, 2010a, p. 3). Fig. 2: Variation in employment rate from 1995 to

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Discuss the differences between 'world cinema' and Hollywood cinema. Explain why the term 'world cinema' has gained popularity in recent years - Essay Example Economic status of the country is one of the major factors that influence the film text of a country's cinema. An example is the cinema of Vietnam. French trained Vietnamese director Tran Anh Hung, most of his cinematic context was inclined about the ongoing war in Vietnam (Johnson 2003). His movie titled Cyclo (1995) was set in the 90's Vietnam, even it was a gangster movie, hints of war were still traced in the background (Ko, 1999). In 1986, Vietnam's economy plummeted. This greatly affected the filmmaking industry as they cannot respond anymore to the need of cinematic development prevailed during the 80'up to the 90's, started by the Hollywood cinema. The text expressed in Cyclo was very rich and realistically executed as the film portrayed the destituteness of the citizens in the country (Johnson 2003). It was played and recognized in many countries. The movie Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (2005) (The Blossoming in Womanhood of Maximo Oliveros) is from the Philippine cinema. The film garnered handful of recognition and awards from various independent film award-giving bodies of different countries. The movie is a dimensional portrayal of the Philippines' condition in allusion. The hero is a homosexual boy that is set to bloom in womanhood, whereas he supposed to get developed in manhood. The discrepancy is suggestive in the very title of the movie about the contrariety of the development of the country regarding poverty and hunger (Thomas 2006). The expected development of the country towards rise of its economy was never portrayed, but the citizens were depicted already adjusted with its economic condition as though being softened, as juxtapose of the main character's nature. Using a homosexual for main character gives a new perspective yet more precise of depicting the country in its economic slum, and the effect of its modernization to the people (Thomas 2006). Cinema of Morocco produced a film titled Jawhara. The movie was noted internationally and has been reviewed online by various critics. Hachim Raji of Babel Med, an independent multi-cultural website for journalists in Mediterranean, stated that Jawhara is movie that was "practically the first film to tackle the dark period of the lead years in Morocco". The film was about a little girl borne and raised inside a prison cell all through out her mother's incarceration term. The cruelty of the country's former administration was strongly depicted in the movie, but delivered presently as reflection of the current administration of its any possible stir (Raji 2007). By the depiction of the situations in the very movie you can easily tell how Morocco as a nation is. Police brutality and suppressed human rights reflects the economic status of the country (Raji 2007). Technological equipment in making film of a nation can also affect the film and define the country's technological development as well. Other country can afford to use more advance technology in making their film, even the very theatrical venue of representation of the film. Hollywood can provide a film that is polished by computer technologies in graphics and animation-required text. Hollywood legendary films like the saga of Star Wars by George Lucas, and Extra Terrestrial of Steven Spielberg

Assault on women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assault on women - Essay Example This is because the victims of assault, either women or girls are in most cases not willing to report the perpetrators and in other cases they dont show signs of abuse. This is usually due to the social norms of a said society or the dependence that these women have on the men who victimize them. Taking India as an example, the society as well as the economic dependence that women have on men have allowed men to continue discriminating and abusing women and girls. Reports have been made of women been assaulted to the point of death in some Indian communities that have raised several questions concerning the protection of women rights by the law. This paper will discuss some of these inhuman assaults to women that have been taking place and still go on even at this age. The issue of rape is the most disturbing and prevalent form of assault against women. With cases of rape around the world rising, this has become a problem in most societies and the victims are innocent women and girls. Taking the example of Canada, the number of women that reported having been sexually assaulted in 2009 were a staggering 472,000. As mentioned in the introduction, this number could be greater since this figure only counts for the self-reported victims. Statistics shows that most of the victims are women of ages between 15 and 24. This problem has proven difficult to curb for women, in most cases, lack the confidence to talk about the traumatic events that they go through such as rape (Renzetti, 2011). With rapes case being reported to happen almost everywhere, be it at homes, streets or workplaces, women have been left insecure and almost powerless. Gang rape is an even worse for victims since some have been reported to die after such horrible experiences or suffere d irredeemable trauma. Another form of assault that is close associated with rape is physical abuse. Most rape cases follow as a

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global Literature review

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global economic downturn - Literature review Example The risk was so big because the collapse of the housing bubble in the USA affected not only the valuations of homes, but also several other agencies, industries, and personnel that included but were not limited to the mortgage markets, real estate, foreign banks, home builders, and home supply retail outlets. The Case-Shiller home price index noted the largest ever drop in the prices of houses by the end of the year 2008. It was because of the anticipated risks imposed by the bursting housing bubble that President George W. Bush announced the housing market’s bailout for those homeowners who could not compensate for their mortgage debts. Economic recession and massive foreclosures of housing caused by the global financial crisis was a potential threat to the investors. When a financial crisis hits a country’s economy, it affects the value of property investment just like it affects all other industries, though there is variation between the value delivered by property i nvestment and other business options in such times. The real estate business has conventionally remained the best investment of all time, including the time of financial crisis. Knowledge of the potential drivers of the business of property investment provides the investors with a way to transform the risks into opportunities. Population Growth during Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Property Investment One of the most fundamental drivers of property prices is population change. People want to dwell in popular areas. Prices of popular areas are higher than the rest because there are more interest parties than the number of dwellings available. Prices of an area go down when the dwellings outnumber the interested parties. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) that conducts a census every five years to publish the trends of population growth, trends of population growth do not show abrupt changes. While the indigenous population does not show rapid changes in growth , there are other factors that contribute to the growth of population, the most important among them being the immigration rate of a country. â€Å"Things that do change population growth rapidly - and provide investors with opportunity - are changes in immigration quotas, changes in infrastructure making areas more or less attractive and accessible to live in, and changes to employment such as the booming resources industry† (Moore, 2012). During the financial crisis, there has been a decline in the rate of immigration despite the increased tendency among the governments to increase the immigration rate since every immigrant that is allowed hostage contributes to the growth of the host country’s economy. Although immigration rate is generally perceived to have negative effects on the employability of the indigenous population of a country, yet several studies have found that the long term effects of immigration are opposite of what they are generally perceived to be; immigrants increase the productivity as well as the average income (Peri, 2010b, p. 7). Immigration rate is considerably linked with the employment rate. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show how the rate of immigration is affected by the rate of employment in a country. Fig. 1: Variation in Immigration rate from 1995 to 2010 (Peri, 2010a, p. 3). Fig. 2: Variation in employment rate from 1995 to

Assault on women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assault on women - Essay Example This is because the victims of assault, either women or girls are in most cases not willing to report the perpetrators and in other cases they dont show signs of abuse. This is usually due to the social norms of a said society or the dependence that these women have on the men who victimize them. Taking India as an example, the society as well as the economic dependence that women have on men have allowed men to continue discriminating and abusing women and girls. Reports have been made of women been assaulted to the point of death in some Indian communities that have raised several questions concerning the protection of women rights by the law. This paper will discuss some of these inhuman assaults to women that have been taking place and still go on even at this age. The issue of rape is the most disturbing and prevalent form of assault against women. With cases of rape around the world rising, this has become a problem in most societies and the victims are innocent women and girls. Taking the example of Canada, the number of women that reported having been sexually assaulted in 2009 were a staggering 472,000. As mentioned in the introduction, this number could be greater since this figure only counts for the self-reported victims. Statistics shows that most of the victims are women of ages between 15 and 24. This problem has proven difficult to curb for women, in most cases, lack the confidence to talk about the traumatic events that they go through such as rape (Renzetti, 2011). With rapes case being reported to happen almost everywhere, be it at homes, streets or workplaces, women have been left insecure and almost powerless. Gang rape is an even worse for victims since some have been reported to die after such horrible experiences or suffere d irredeemable trauma. Another form of assault that is close associated with rape is physical abuse. Most rape cases follow as a